Now a days biological control of pests and diseases has been applied to avoid ill effects of indiscriminate use of chemical pesticide. Flowers, leaves, roots or other parts are used or toxic principle is extracted and used.some plant products are available in the market. Following are the some botanicals used in pest management.

Neem products

Among the plant products, neem derivatives are reported to be effective in controlling several pests and diseases. The important active principles present are azadirachin, nimbin, nimbicidin, nimbinene, nimbridic acid and azadirone, which have fungicidal and insecticidal properties.

• Uses

1-2 parts of neem seed powder with 100 parts of seeds of mung, bengal gram, cowpeas and peas protects them from Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha daminila. Trogoderma granarium for 9,10 and 12 months respectively.

Neem cake extract (1kg of seed in 5 litres of water) will check the incidence of leaf miner Phyllocinists citrella in citrus.

2% neem oil effectively checks the cotton leaf hopper (Amrasca devastans).

Pyrethroids

Pyrethrum is a contact insecticide obtained from the flower buds of Chrysanthemum spp. Viz. C.cinerariaefolium (this is suited for the isolation of pyrethrum), C.roseum, C.marshalli C. tamurutene.

• Uses

Pyrethrum is used to control pests in stored food and also against household and industrial pests.

Pyrethrum is used against flying insects and a low mammalian toxicity.

Nicotine

It comes chiefly from two plants Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica.

• Uses

Today the most commonly used form is Nicotine sulphate at 40% content. Free Nicotine solution is also used as 0.04% sprays, 3% dust, fumigants and dips. Nicotine sprays and dusts are safe to use on plants.

Sabadilla (Liliaceae)

It is derived from the seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale. It is manufactured at 50% concentrate. This should be diluted and applied as a dust. At 10-20% Sabadilla dust is strongly irritating to the nasal membrane causing sneezing and eye irritation, these effects are however transitory and soon disappear after exposure.

• Uses

It controls hemipterous insects, which are resistant to other insecticides. The insecticidal compounds are cevadine and veratridine.

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